UN Accelerating Development in Fragile States: The Role of the OECD Development Assistance Committee 2008

Office of the Special Rappouteur Condemns Murders of Four Media Workers in Veracruz, Mexico

Long and Short-term Impact of Tourism on Growth in Small Developing States (IMF)

Forum of Federalization: The Nexus Between State Fragility and Federalism

States of Fragility (OECD) 2022   

Trump can't decide between states rights and federal Authority (Aljazeera) 2020

Public Policy Institute

American Convention of Human Rights 2015

United States Institute of Peace Foreign Affairs Ministries 2008  

Sanctions (UN) 

Cases & episodes (UNSanctionsApp) 

European Union sanctions (EUEA) 9 January 2024

Australia and sanctions (Australian Government) 

Arab League (USTR)

The sanctions weapon (IMF) June 2022

Rethinking Sanctions (Project Syndicate) 11 January 2016

International trade and macroeconomics dynamics with sanctions (World Bank) 15 December 2022

International Best Practices: Targeted Financial sanctions related  to terrorism and terrorist financing recommendation 6 (FATF) 

How human rights sanctions need to evolve for everyone’s benefit (Reuters) 2 November 2021

Guiding principles on sanctions, compliance and human rights (OHCHR)

Sanctions, right to health & humanitarian assistance (OHCHR)

United Nations Kosovo Trust Building Forum (UNMIK) 30 October 2018

Kosovo’s rejection from UNESCO (UNPO) 13 November 2015

EU enlargement and guidelines for candidacy (EU) 

Nato’s work in Kosovo’s independence (NYT) 5 July 2024

United Nations Resolution 1244, regarding Kosovo (UNMIK) 10 June 1999

UN Membership (UN Charter) 

CIA World factbook, Kosovo (CIA World Factbook) 

Kosovo and it’s decision for status (Council of Foreign relations) 23 February 2006

Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) (UN Office for Disarmament Affairs) 

UNIDIR on Lethal Autonomous Weapons (United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research) 30 July 2021

Emergence of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) and their necessary apprehension through European human rights law (Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe) 

The Call to Ban Lethal Autonomous Weapons: Where Do African Nations Stand? (Addis Ababa University International Humanitarian Law Clinic) 

Can Civil Society Succeed In Its Quest to Ban ‘Killer Robots’? (CFR) 17 November 2017

Nations meet at UN for 'killer robot' talks as regulation lags (Reuters) 13 May 2025

Shaking the Foundations: The Human Rights Implications of Killer Robots (Human Rights Watch) 12 May 2014 

Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems: A Gamechanger Demanding Regulation (Geopolitical Monitor) 26 March 2024

UN Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) 

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

European Union (EU) – Non-Proliferation and Disarmament

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) – Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone

World Bank – Nuclear Energy and Development

International Monetary Fund (IMF) - fragile states

Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)

Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) analysis and recommendations on foreign policy issues

Catham House Neauclear Policy

BBC News - Nuclear Weapons

The Role of ANZUS in Australia’s Reliance on US Extended Nuclear Deterrence - Australian Institute of International Affairs

Amnesty International campaigns against the use of nuclear weapons and advocates for disarmament.

UN Member States' Positions on Nuclear Disarmament.

DAC Guidance on Scaling Development Outcomes (OECD) 17 December 2024

OECD Economic Surveys: South Africa 2025 (OECD) 5 June 2025

OECD Economic Survey of Ireland 2025 (OECD) 12 February 2025

Launch of the Latin American Economic Outlook 2024 (OECD) 9 December 2024

Revitalizing South Asia Economic Cooperation: Enablers in the Midst of Prevailing Constraints - Wencai Zhang (ADB) 16 January 2015

Olli Rehn: Dialling back monetary restraint (BIS) 18 April 2024.

Jerome H Powell: Semiannual Monetary Policy Report to the Congress (BIS) 6 March 2024

Jerome H Powell: Economic outlook (BIS) 7 March 2025

Development gives way to depth (UNDP)_February 2025

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) September 1987

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Finding solutions to dept problems of developing countries (Repositorio) May 1999

September 2022, Confitianality, Dept Relief, and the Developing country Dept Crisis (SSRN)

New approaches to dept relief and dept sustainabilities in LDCs (UN) 2004

Resolving high dept after pandemic (World bank)

Dept relief for poor countries (Uni-Kostanz)2004

Dept relief initiatives (NRGI) June 2020

Dept relief for resilience (IISD) April 2025

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (OHCHR)16 December 1966

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN) 

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Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (2005, HRC, GA Reso)

Rethinking “Effective Remedies”: Remedial Deterrence in International Courts (NYU) 

Rethinking 'Effective Remedies': Remedial Deterrence in International Courts (UMICH, 2008) 

HRC59: Key issues at the Human Rights Council in June 2025 (ISHR)

Call for Input - Access to Justice and Effective Remedies in the Context of Toxics (HRC)

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Joint Conclusion: South-East Asia Trade Union Conference (ILO) 11 October 2022

Trade unions welcome ASEAN guidelines on CSR, call for strong enforcement mechanism (ASEAN) 19 September 2017

Labor and Trade Union Rights Inter-American Standards (OAS) 30 October 2020

Labor Market Model Paints an Incomplete Picture (IMF) March 2024

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271,500 workers went on strike in 2024 - Current labor law doesn’t adequately protect workers’ fundamental right to strike (EPI) 20 February 2025 

Nevada’s unions show how organized labor can flourish even after an adverse Supreme Court ruling (The Conversation) 28 June 2018

Ministry for Labour Employment and Migration (UNHCR) 27 October 2011

How do Labor Unions Affect Inequality and Efficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean? (UNDP) 30 March 2021

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UNHCR releases new resource on asylum processing (UNHCR) 4 May 2022

Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Migrants (Amnesty International)

What is the EU Pact on Migration and Asylum? (IRC) 27 October 2023

What International Laws Protect Refugees? (Asylum Access) 27 August 2024

The 1951 Refugee Convention (UNHCR) 1951

Arab Convention on Regulating Status of Refugees in the Arab Countries (League of Arab States) 1994

Sharing the Burden of the Global Refugee Crisis (Brookings) 27 Jan 2020

The Failures of Refugee Burden-Sharing and the Diaspora’s Role (Shabaka) 28 February 2022

Migrant Global Trends (UNHCR) 6 April 2023

Percentage of Illegal Immigrants by Country (World Population Review) 2025

Counting the uncounted: 1.1 billion people without IDs (World Bank) 6 June 2017

UN Strategy for Legal Identity for All (UN) June 2019

Legal Identity In Forced Displacement Contexts (NRC)

Implementation of the UN Legal Identity Agenda (UN Country Team)

Legal Identity for Inclusive Development (Asian Development Bank) 2007

5 Rights of Undocumented Immigrants (ClearWater Law Group)

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Legal Identity and Why It Matters (Biometric Update) 28 September 2024

A Legal Identity At Birth, a Right for Every Child (IN Groupe)

Birth registration steadily increases worldwide, but 150 million children still ‘invisible’ (UNICEF) 10 December 2024

International Convention on the Rights and Protection of Undocumented and Documented Migrant Workers (UN) 18 December 1990

Comparative international approaches to establishing identity in undocumented asylum seekers (Lowy institute) 11 April 2018

A Register, A Future: Protecting Children Through Legal Identity (Integrated Biometrics)

UNODA, SIPRI, and the EU, Lead Dialogue on Responsible AI at UNGA First Committee Side Event 18 October 2024

ASEAN Cooperation to Combat Transnational Crime: Progress, Perils, and Prospects 15 February 2024

EU Eyes More Naval Visits Disputed South China Sea | Arab News 16 March 2023

ASEAN Regional Forum Annual Security Outlook 4 December 2024

The Revival of Military Rule in South and Southeast Asia | Council on Foreign Relations February 2022 

(PDF) ASEAN's Role in Enhancing Regional Security and Economic Stability through Defense Cooperation December 2024

Military expenditure (% of GDP) - East Asia & Pacific 2024

On its own terms, ASEAN is surprisingly effective 22 May 2025

Thailand and Cambodia Reinforcing Troops on Disputed Border After May Skirmish, Thai Minister Says | Reuters 7 June 2025

UN warns of ‘catastrophic’ human rights crisis in Myanmar as violence and economic collapse deepen (UN) 26 May 2025

Situation of human rights in Myanmar - Report of the UN High Comissioner for Human Rights (OCHR) 26 May 2025

Myanmar: UN report maps pathway to to fulfil aspirations for peace, inclusivity, and democracy (OCHR) 26 May 2025

UNHCR steps up aid for displaced in Myanmar as conflict intensifies (UNHCR) 11 February 2022

ASEAN Leaders statement on an Extended and Expanded Ceasefire in Myanmar (ASEAN) May 27 2025

Myanmar Economic Monitor: Compounding Crises - International Migration from Myanmar  (The World Bank) December 2024

Submission to the OCHR for the consideration of the Universal Periodic Review of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar during the 23rd session (UNPO) 23 March 2015

Just When things couldn’t possibly get worse in Myanmar, they do (Council on Foreign Relations) 28 March 2025

Myanmar’s Troubled History: Coups, Military Rule, and Ethnic Conflict (Council on Foreign Relations) 31 January 2022

Finding an End to the Myanmar Crisis: ASEAN’s Massive Task (Observer Research Foundation ORF) 13 November 2024

World Europe and Central Asia: Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2024 - Managing Water Resources Sustainably for Improved Food Security and Nutrition [EN/AR/RU/ZH] (OCHA), 2 Apr 2025

CHAPTER 5. REGIONALISM AND FOOD SECURITY (FAO), 20 February 2002

FAO, UNICEF, WFP and WHO join efforts to address child malnutrition affecting millions of children in the region (WHO), 29 August 2023

World Bank Action (WBG), 17 November 2022

Easing Guinea’s Food Insecurity: The IMF’s Food Shock Window (IMF), 20 June 2024

ADB announce food support for Asia-Pacific region will reach $40B by 2030 (The Phnom Penh Post), 7 May 2025

The African Union adopts ten-year strategy and action plan to transform Africa's agri-food systems and ensure food security (AU), Date: 13 January 2025

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Last Month, Over Half-a-Billion Africans Accessed the Internet (Council on Foreign Relations) 25 July 2019

The Tigray War & the African Union (Policy Centre for the New South) 11 August 2021

The African Union and the Tigray Crisis (Observer Research Foundation) 26 April 2021

FAO, UNICEF, WFP and WHO join efforts to address child malnutrition affecting millions of children in the region (WHO), 29 August 2023

The African Union adopts ten-year strategy and action plan to transform Africa's agri-food systems and ensure food security (AU), Date: 13 January 2025

Official Development Assistance and Africa Policy Brief

The African Union Commission and the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre Concluded the Training Programme of the AU Human Rights Observers (AU) 24 May 2016

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Progress - Periodic Global Report on the State of Solutions to Internal Displacement (IOM) December 2024 

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Africa Strengthens Fight Against Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants with Validated Continental Guidelines (African Union) 20 December 2024

Enhanced Migration Policies Can Help Drive Growth and Competitiveness in Europe and Central Asia (World Bank) 31 October 2024

Road to nowhere: Why Europe’s border externalisation is a dead end (European Council on Foreign Relations) 14 December 2023

Migration and Refugee Policies Steer People, and Economies, in New Directions (IMF Blog) 15 April 2025

Migrants, Refugees, and Asylum Seekers (Human Rights Watch) May 2024

European court rules against Greece over migrant’s illegal deportation, calls practice ‘systematic’ (European Court of Human Rights via AP News) 7 January 2025

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Progress - Periodic Global Report on the State of Solutions to Internal Displacement (IOM) December 2024 

Temporary Reintroduction of Border Control (European Union)

Africa Strengthens Fight Against Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants with Validated Continental Guidelines (African Union) 20 December 2024

Enhanced Migration Policies Can Help Drive Growth and Competitiveness in Europe and Central Asia (World Bank) 31 October 2024

Road to nowhere: Why Europe’s border externalisation is a dead end (European Council on Foreign Relations) 14 December 2023

Migration and Refugee Policies Steer People, and Economies, in New Directions (IMF Blog) 15 April 2025

Migrants, Refugees, and Asylum Seekers (Human Rights Watch) May 2024

European court rules against Greece over migrant’s illegal deportation, calls practice ‘systematic’ (European Court of Human Rights via AP News) 7 January 2025

The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (UN)

Crisis in the DR Congo (UNDP) February 26 2025 

Crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (IOM) 7 February 2025 

UNICEF reaches 364,000 children daily in Goma with clean water and sanitation after escalation in DR Congo conflict (UNICEF) 3 March 2025 

Peace And Security Council 1256th Emergency Ministerial meeting held on the Recent Developments in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 28 January 2025 

The DRC Conflict Enters a Dangerous New Phase (AFRICA CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES) 26 February 2025 

Democratic Republic of Congo: World Bank Approves $250 Million to Improve Stability and Resilience in Conflict-Affected Eastern Provinces (World Bank Group) 22 December 2022 

What’s Next for the Democratic Republic of Congo? (Council on Foreign Relations) 19 March 2025 

War Returns to the Democratic Republic of Congo: What to Know (Council on Foreign Relations) 7 February 2025 

Pressure points: How Europeans could help avert a Third Congo War (European Council on Foreign Relations) 13 February 2025 

What's the fighting in DR Congo all about? (BBC) 2 May 2025  

United Nations Charter, Chapter VII: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression (UN)  

Guide on Ratification of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (ICRMW) April 2009

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (OHCHR) 18 December 1990

International Organization for Migration launching the International Recruitment integrity system (IRIS) 2016

Draft Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers (African Union) 04-08 April 2022 

Primer or Manual on the Rights of Migrant Workers and their Families (Organization of American States)

Responsible migration management from the business perspective: the case of human value chains (World Bank) 6 January 2024 

COVID-19, Migrant Labor, and the Case for Labor Recruitment Reform (Council of Foreign Relations) 10 June 2020

Govt says it will make modern slavery history – but experts warn the victim toll is rising (Institute of Employment Rights) 18 October 2019 

Human rights groups warn of 'surge' in migrant worker deaths in Saudi Arabia (BBC) 14 May 2025 

Committee on the Rights of Migrant Workers Opens Thirty-Ninth Session (OHCHR) 2 December 2024

Dispatches: Remembering Labor Rights on Labor Day (Human Rights Watch) 29 August 2014

Protection of Migrants' Rights and State Sovereignty (UN Chronicle) 30 September 2013

Arms Embargo (Security Council) 2020

Haiti ‘awash’ with guns leaving population ‘absolutely terrified’ (Human Rights) 17 April 2025

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SECURITY SECTOR REFORM (SSR) AND SECURITY SECTOR GOVERNANCE (SSG) (UNDP) 2015

2024 Annual Coordination Meeting of the National Commissions for the Fight against the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (COMNAT-ALPC) of ECOWAS Member States (ECOWAS) 5 November 2024

Libya arms embargo ‘totally ineffective’ (UN expert panel) 17 March 2021

The African Union looks forward to the outcome of the ongoing joint AU-United Nations review of UNAMID operations (AU) 6 December 2024

Beyond ‘shadow-boxing’ and ‘lip service’ The enforcement of arms embargoes in Africa (ISS Africa) April 2007

Which countries have banned or restricted arms sales to Israel? (Guardian) 3 September 2024

UN Security Council must renew the arms embargo on South Sudan (Amnesty International) 28 May 2025

THE ARMS TRADE TREATY (ATT) 2014

Why Arms Embargoes Fail (SAIS) 2019

“Nigeria’s Northeast Risks Mass Hunger as UN Funding Dwindles.” (Reuters) 28 June 2024

Hunger Hotspots: FAO-WFP early warnings on acute food insecurity, November 2024 to May 2025 Outlook

Muslims look forward to the annual Eid feast. Many Africans are now struggling to afford it (AP News) 6 June 2025

Partnership on Food and Nutrition Security and Sustainable Agriculture (FNSSA)

African Union Commission Hosts High-Level Stakeholder Roundtable on the Cost of Food and Nutrition in Africa (AU) 16 December 2024

EU-CDB Regional Food Security Programme

WFP, Kuwait Fund announce partnership to strengthen global food security efforts

FAO and the UN Office for South-South Cooperation reaffirm joint commitments to further mainstream South-South and Triangular Cooperation (UN South)

Food Security Update (WorldBank), 16 May 2025

Regionalism and Food Security (Food and Agriculture Organization)

East Africa’s Growing Food Crisis: What to Know (Council on Foreign Relations) 16 March 2022

Ukraine/Russia: As War Continues, Africa Food Crisis Looms (Humans Rights Watch) 28 April 2022

Joint Statement by the African Union and the United States on Food Security 

Policy Support and Governance Gateway

• Myanmar Humanitarian Situation Report (UNICEF) 19 December 2024

• Report on the Situation of human rights in Myanmar (OHCHR) 04 September 2024

• Asean Leaders’ Review and Decision on the Implementation of the Five-Point Consensus (ASEAN) 09 October 2024

• ASEAN Tells Myanmar Junta Peace, Not Election, is Priority (Reuters) 20 January 2025

• Sanctions Against Myanmar (European Union) 4 December 2024

• ASEAN needs to address its failing approach to the crisis in Myanmar following the military coup (Amnesty International) 24 April 2023

• Civil War in Myanmar (Council on Foreign Relations) 10 January 2025

• Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide - The Gambia v. Myanmar (International Court of Justice) 11 November 2019

• Statement of Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC - Application for an Arrest Warrant in the Situation in Bangladesh/Myanmar  (International Criminal Court) 27 November 2024

• Analysis of IAEA Iran Verification and Monitoring Report- November 2024 (ISIS) 21 November 2024
• Joint Comprehension Plan Of Action (European Parliament) 14 July 2015
• Israel’s strikes on Iran broke a 40 year taboo. Tehran faces tough choices about what to do next (CNN) 30 October 2023
• Iran’s Nuclear Timetable: The Weapon Potential (Iran Watch) 18 December 2024
• Treat on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (IAEA) 22 April 1970
• Attack on Iran’s nuclear program more likely with Trump presidency (Al Arabiya) 17 January 2025
• US Intelligence on Iran’s nuclear advances (The Iran Primer) 10 December 2024
• China’s Response Against the Nuclear Program of Iran (Modern Diplomacy) 8 November 2024
• 2025 will be a decisive year for Iran’s nuclear program (Atlantic Council) 20 November 2024
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929 (Security Council) 9 June 2010

• Cameroon: North-West and South-West Crisis Situation Report No. 9 - As of 31 July 2019 (OCHA) 31 July 2019

• Anglophone Cameroonians in Nigeria pass 20,000 mark (UNHCR) 20 March 2018

• Cameroon (Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect) 1 December 2024

• Cameroon Escalation of the Anglophone crisis (Acaps) 21 January 2020

• The Socio-Political Crisis in the Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon: Assessing the Economic and Social Impacts (World Bank) January 2021

• Southern Cameroons: An Overview of the Human Rights Situation for the Anglophone Community (UNPO) 16 March 2011

• Arrest of Separatist Leader Puts Spotlight on Cameroon’s Anglophone Conflict (Crisis Group) 16 October 2024

• Why separatists in Cameroon and Nigeria have united (BBC) 21 October 2021

• Security situation linked to the Anglophone conflict (CGVS) 16 October 2020

• Cameroon: Army Killings, Disappearances, in North-West Region (Human Rights Watch) 11 August 2022

• Biya must stop the killings in Cameroon and lead the search for peace (The Conversation) 18 July 2018

• Cameroon’s Anglophone crisis: how the common law court offers a ray of hope (The Conversation) 15 December 2022 

• Experts of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Commend Cameroon’s Acceptance of Refugees, Ask about Bilingualism, Indigenous Peoples and Birth Registration (ICESCR) 14 April 2022

• “Status of internally displaced persons and refugees from Abkhazia, Georgia, and the Tskhinvali region/South Ossetia, Georgia” report (UN General Assembly) 29 April 2024

• Resolution “on settlement of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict and extension of the mandate of the UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)” (UNSC) 15 April 2008

• “EU Statement on Georgia’s report on the human rights violations in the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia at the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, 22 February 2023” (EU) 22 February 2023

• Consolidated report on the conflict in Georgia involving South Ossetia and Abkhazia (Council of Europe) 3 April 2023

• Report on status of Abkhazia (UNPO) February 2015

• Review of Georgia’s economy, with specifications of Abkhazia and South Ossetia on page 6 (IMF) October 2006

• “Women This Week: President Salome Zourabichvili Leads Protest Against Pro-Russia Ruling Party” (Council on Foreign Relations) 1 November 2024

• “South Ossetia - living in hope of a peaceful future” (European Council on Foreign Relations) 15 January 2016

• “Abkhazia profile” (BBC) 19 November 2024

• “South Ossetia profile” (BBC) 25 October 2024

• “On the Issues: Georgia” (United States Institute of Peace) 30 September 2008

• Resolution 181 - Future Government of Palestine (General Assembly) 1948

• Report Concerning the Application of Palestine for Admission to Membership in the United Nations (Security Council) 11 November 2011

• US Vetoes Palestine’s Request for Full UN Membership (UN News) 18 April 2024

• European Union and Palestinians (The Office of the European Union Representative) 9 August 2021

• Israeli Occupation of Palestine and Ongoing Violations in Gaza (GCC) 25 August 2024

• West Bank and Gaza: Selected Issues (IMF) 13 September 2023

• UNPO Discusses Recognition After Palestine’s UN Overtures (UNPO) 5 October 2011

• Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Council on Foreign Relations) 17 January 2025

• The Mainstreaming of Israeli Extremism (Middle East Institute) 18 December 2024

• The ‘State-Plus’ Framework: A Confederal Solution for Israel-Palestine (Brookings) 23 December 2020

• Israel and Palestine (Human Rights Watch) 16 January 2025

• Gaza Ceasefire-hostage Deal (CNN) 18 January 2025

• War on Gaza, the View from Israel (Al Jazeera) 4 June 2024

• Hamas (The Conversation) 14 December 203

• Hamas-Israel Conflict (Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs) 8 December 2024

• Resolution: Date of the Independence of Somaliland under Italian Administration (General Assembly) 5 December 1959

• Somaliland: In Search of Recognition (UNPO) 12 June 2007

• Somaliland, The Horn Of Africa (CFR) 25 January 2024

• Somaliland, The Country Of Progress (The Diplomatic Affairs) 14 August 2020

• Unrecognized States as a Political and Legal Phenomenon (SRN) 10 June 2021

• A Future Outlook: Prospects for Somaliland-Taiwan Relations (Global Taiwan Institute) 1 May 2024

• Somaliland Profile (BBC) 2 January 2024

• About the African Union (AU) 10 January 2024

• The Ethiopia-Somaliland Naval Base Deal Is a Violation of International Law (Minnesota)

• World Report 2024 Somalia: Somaliland (Human Rights Watch) 2024

• Chronology Of Somaliland (GovSomaliland) 23 July 2024

• United Nations Charter, Chapter II: Membership (UN)

• How the Partition of India Happened – and Why its Effects are Still Felt Today (The Conversation) 10 August 2017

• India’s Muslims: An Increasingly Marginalized Population (Council on Foreign Relations) 18 March 2024

• Haunted by Unification: A Bangladeshi View of Partition (Al Jazeera) 14 August 2017 

• The Partition: The British Game of ‘Divide and Rule’ (Al Jazeera) 10 August 2017

• Partition: Why was British India Divided 75 years ago? (BBC) 15 August 2022

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh National Portal) 2024

• Ministry of External Affairs (Government of India) 2024

• Bangladesh: Wave of Violent Attacks Against Hindu Minority (Amnesty) 6 March 2013

• India: Discriminatory Property Policy Against Muslims (Amnesty) 24 January 2024

• Biological Weapons (UNODA) 

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• 1925 Geneva Protocol (UNODA)

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• United Nations Not Aware of Any Biological Weapons Programmes, Disarmament Chief Affirms

• Bio-terrorism: a serious threat for citizens’ health (Council of Europe) 9 February 2004

• Keeping a Lid on Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Weapons (OSCE) 1 December 2016

• Prevention of the Development or Use of Biological Weapons (NLM) 1 February 2017

• What is a Chemical Weapon? (OPCW)

• Preventing the Re-Emergence of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)

• Sounding the alarm on AI-enhanced bioweapons (European Leadership Network) 26 February 2024

• Can the world be free of weapons? (Al Jazeera) 28 Oct 2017

• Participants (The Australia Group)

• Russia Suspends New START | Arms Control Association (ACA) March 2023

• Disarmament Machinery Impasse ‘Cause and Consequence’ of Competing Strategic Priorities, Ruthless Pursuit of Military Advantage, First Committee Told (UN Press) 27 October 2022

• Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (UNODA) 2017

• Disarmament Machinery A Fresh Approach (UNIDIR) September 2010

• Dysfunction in United Nations Disarmament Machinery Has ‘Insidious Effect’ of Stopping People from Listening to Each Other, First Committee Told | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases (UN Press) 17 October 2014

• A Report on the UN Special Session on Disarmament (IAEA) 

• The Reform of the United Nations Disarmament Machinery (Research Gate) April 2015

• Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) and Mine Action (MA) (NATO) 04 October 2023

• Chemical Weapons Convention (OPCW) 

• 2023 Report to Congress on
Implementation of the New START Treaty (United States Department of State) 31 January 2024

• Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) – UNODA (United Nations)

• Rectifying the UN Disarmament Machinery (VCDNP) 21 July 2011

• Outer Space Must Be a Place for Peace and Cooperation, Not an Arms Race (United Nations) 24 October 2023

• International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (United Nations General Assembly) 7 December 2023

• Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (UNOOSA) 19 December 1966

• Timeline of Space Governance: Key Moments That Shaped Our Future in Space (New Space Economy) September 2024

• EU Space Strategy for Security and Defence (EU) 2022

• Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Emerging Space Arms Race (Harvard International Review) 26 May 2020

• What is ‘Kessler Syndrome’ — and why do some scientists think the space disaster scenario has already started? (CNN) 27 December 2024

• Looking ahead to the next 25 years of private space stations (Space.com) 18 July 2024

• Fair trade organization and UN trade and Development collaborate - Fair trade movement and UNCTAD join forces - (UNCTAD) October 2018

• Effects of trade liberalization - Global Trade Liberalization and the Developing Countries - (International Monetary Fund) November 2001

• Rules of digital trade - The missing dimension: Global rules for digital trade - (Hinrich Foundation) April 2024

• Climate change and development - WTO, Climate Change, and Sustainable Development - (International Institute for Sustainable Development) February 2024

• Free trade agreements - State of Trade 2022: The Benefits of Free Trade Agreements - (Government of Canada) June 2024

• Imbalance in trade agreements - Peculiarities and rationale of asymmetric regional trade agreements - (World Trade Organization)

• Impacts of NAFTA - Local Economic and Political Effects of Trade Deals: Evidence from NAFTA (Harvard) - January 2021

• Fair trade - Why does Fairtrade mean sustainable trade? - (Fairtrade)

• International tax cooperation: International efforts to Combating tax avoidance and evasion - United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (Financing for Sustainable Development)

• Why the world needs a UN global tax convention - The United Nations News (UN News) 16 August 2024

• Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

• International standards on tax transparency (& Common Report Standards) - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

• Managing Tax Incentives in Developing Countries - International Monetary Fund (IMF)  21 November 2024

• Only outrage will stop tax evasion - World Economic Forum (WEF) 25 January 2018

• Investigation and Compliance Strategies - Asian Development Bank (ADB) 9 - 11 March 2016

• A tax evasion law not publicly enforced may as well not exist - The Guardian News Agencies (The Guardian) 20 January 2024

• Corruption and Debt Relief – A Global Perspective (UNODC) October 2023  

• UNPO Report on Corruption in Financial Aid Distribution (UNPO) September 2023  

• Corruption and Its Impact on Development Aid (UNPO) September 2023  

• African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (African Union) February 2020

• Trade, Debt and Financing and the Impact of the Debt Service Burden on the Fight Against Poverty (OAS) April 2005

• What Does Debt Relief Do for Development? (World Bank) 18 November 2018

• Muhammad Kamran Shehzad: Combating corruption in the banking sector (BIS) October 2010

• Why debt sustains corruption in Greece and vice versa (World Economic Forum) July 2015

• OHCHR's International Standards Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief (OHCHR) 

• UN General Assembly’s Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belie November 1981 

• European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)

• AU's Interfaith Dialogue Forum Commits to Peace through Education, Partnerships, Media and Development Agenda (AU) November 2016

• UBS's The cost of intolerance (UBS) December 2021

• American ThinkTank Pew Researcher’s Government Restrictions on Religion Stayed at Peak Levels Globally in 2022 December 2024

• BBC's Nigeria election: Dangers of being religious in a religious nation October 2022

• UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights December 1948

• OHCHR’s Guidance on Business in Conflict Zones (OHCHR) July 2022 

• UNDP’s Guide on Human Rights DUe Diligence in Conflict-Affected Contexts (UNDP) January 2023 

• EU Regulation on Conflict Minerals (EU) March 2017 

• African Union’s Initiatives on Corporate Accountability (AU) September 2023

• UNDP Report on Business Responsibility in Conflict Zones (UNDP) January 2023 

• Accountability for Corporations in Conflict Zones (Harvard International Law Journal) November 2010

• Red Cross: Corporate Responsibility in Conflict (Australian Red Cross) 

• How Conflict Minerals Enter Tech Supply Chains (The Wall Street Journal) November 2022 

• OHCHR’s Report on Corporate Impunity, Specifically its Liability for Gross Human Rights Abuses (OHCHR) 

• The Responsibility To Protect: Corporate Accountability (UN) December 2016 

• Human Rights Watch Report on Forced Labor and Other Human Rights Violations in Conflict Zones (HRW) October 2024

• ICC Investigations into corporate complicity in War Crimes (ICC) June 2022 

• ECHR Cases and Significant Claims Corporate Human Rights Violations (ECHR) 

• China’s Soft Power in Africa or Real Corporate Accountability? (USIP) September 2017

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN) December 1948 

• Management and Accountability Framework of the UN Development and Resident Coordinator System (UN SDG)

• About Arbitrary Detention (OHCHR) 17 April 1998

• Aung San Suu Kyi: Myanmar Democracy Icon Who Fell from Grace (BBC) 6 December 2021

• Belarus: Months after Arbitrary Detention, Viasna’s Members Must Be Released (OMCT) 20 August 2021

• Grassroots through the Years: Human Rights (Grassroots International) August 2023

• Human Rights Breaches in Algeria, Belarus and Myanmar (European Parliament) 21 July 2023

• Independent UN Expert Urges Iran to Release Remaining Political Prisoners (UN News) 23 September 2013

• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (OHCHR) 16 December 1966

• Key Findings of the 2016 Report on Turkey (European Commission) 9 November 2016

• Political Prisoners’ Families Speak Out: #SetThemFree Campaign Launches Video Series (World Movement for Democracy) 1 November 2018

• Report on the 57th Session of the Human Rights Council (Universal Rights Group) 23 October 2024

• Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (United Nations Treaty Collection) 17 July 1998

• The Challenge of Delivering Healthcare in Prison (Justice Trends Magazine) 1 October 2018

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN) 10 December 1948

• Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (OHCHR) 25 June 1993

• What Are the Helsinki Accords? (The National Museum of American Diplomacy) 18 December 2023

• What Is the Arab Spring, and How Did It Start? (Al Jazeera) 17 December 2020

• What Is the Rule of Law (United Nations and the Rule of Law) October 2023

• World Report 2023 (Human Rights Watch) 12 January 2023

• Revised Prospects of World Urbanization (UN DESA) May 2018

• Africapolis, Mapping a New Urban Geography (OECD) 2020

• Internal Migration in Vietnam: The Current Situation (UNFPA) June 2007

• How Urban Planning and Smart Transport can Unlock the Potential of Cities (World Bank) 21 November 2024

• Migration Development and Poverty Reduction in Asia (IOM) March 2005

• Migration and Its Impacts on Cities (WEF) 25 October 2017 

• Economic Migration and the Role of Cities - Ensuring Social Cohesion (CIPPEC) July 2018

• Cross-national Comparisons of Internal Migration: An Update on Global Patterns and Trends (UN DESA) January 2013

• Internal Migration and Urbanization: Recent Contributions and New Evidence (Boston University) November 1998

• Understanding Urban Migration in Vietnam: Evidence from a Micro–Macro Link (Asia Bank Development Institute) March 2021

• Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements (UN Habitat) 27 February 2006 

• Why Countries are Choosing to Build New Cities in Places at High Risk of Worsening Floods (CNN) 4 October 2023

• Inclusive Urbanization: Can the 2030 Agenda be Delivered Without It? (Institute of Development Studies) 22 February 2016

• A Landscape of Vietnam Labor and Migration (Open Development Vietnam) 24 August 2024

• Humanitarian Border Management: better response to migration crises? (IOM) September 2016

• Humanitarian border management (FMR) March 2023

• IOM Migration Crisis Operational Framework (IOM) 15 November 2012

• Beyond A Border Solution (AIC) 3 May 2023

• IOM Chief Commits to Strengthen Migration Management and Climate Action in Inaugural Botswana Visit (IOM) 13 December 2024

• Beyond Borders: UNHCR’s transformation (UNHCR) 11 October 2024

• Border Management and Human Rights. A study of EU Law and the Law of the Sea (UNHCR) October 2008

• 10 infographics that show the scale of global displacement (UNHCR) 20 June 2015

• What is a migration crisis and how to address it integrally (IOM) February 2022

• From Migration Restriction to Migration Management (United Nations) 30 September 2013

• Europe and the Refugee Crisis: A Challenge to Our Civilization (United Nations) 15 September 2016

• Protection of Migrants' Rights and State Sovereignty (United Nations) 30 September 2013

• Theory and evidence on the impact of refugees on host communities (World Bank Blogs) 28 March 2023

• Security Assistance Isn’t the Quick Fix the US Thinks It Is (Carnegie) 6 August 2015

• Do Immigrants and Immigration Help the Economy? (TheBrink) 4 April 2024

• Leveraging Economic Migration For Development (WorldBank) 25 August 2016

• Report on the role of private military and security companies in immigration and border management and the impact on the protection of the rights of all migrants (OHCHR) July 2020

• Refugee Statistics (UNHCR) September 2023

• UN experts report highlights role of private military and security companies in immigration management (UNHRC) 30 March 2023

• Offshoring and Outsourcing Border Control: The EU’s Use of Private Military and Security Companies (EUI) 22 March 2022

• Trump allies, private sector quietly prepare for mass detention of immigrants (CNN) 7 November 2024

• Stand up 4 Migrants: Changing the narrative on migration (UNHR) 18 December 2020

• International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (OHCHR) 1 July 2003

• The Rise of Private Military and Security Companies in EU Migration Policies: Implications Under the UNGP 30 August 2018

• Protections of Women Human Rights Defenders at Risk in Migration Contexts Recommendation Report (UN Women) November 2022

• PROTECT Project, focused on protecting women from exploitation and trafficking in certain areas (International Labor Organization, UN Women, UNICEF, and UNODC) 2023-2026

• Addressing the abuse and exploitation against women migrant workers (International Labor Organisation, UN Women and ASEAN) 28 May, 2018

• Women Migrant Workers in the Laws and Policies of ASEAN Member States Report (ASEAN) 2023

• The African Union Convention on Ending Violence Against Women and Girls (African Union) 2024-2025

• National Action Plans on Business and Workers’ Rights for different countries (National Action Plans on Business and Rights)

• Increasing Female Labor Force Participation (World Bank) January 2023

• World Economic Forum 2024 Global Gender Gap Report (World Economic Forum) June 2024

• First Woman Appointed to Top Position in the Holy See (Council on Foreign Relations) 10 January 2025

• Filipino women face exploitation at their work in Europe (Al Jazeera) 17 April 2024

• Women working as garment workers at GAP and H&M face abuse daily (The Guardian) 5 June 2018

• United Nations Human Rights Report 2018 - (UNHCHR) 2018

• Women’s Access to Justice for Gender-Based Violence (International Commission of Jurists) February 2016

• A businessman in Kenya was sentenced to 6o years in jail for trafficking 12 Nepalese women and girls into Kenya (Equality Now) 12 January 2022

• General recommendation No. 38 (2020) on trafficking in women and girls in the context of global migration (CEDAW) 2020

• COVID-19: A threat to progress against the child marraiage (UNICEF) 7 March 2021

• Child and forced marriage, including in humanitarian setting (UNHCR)

• ASEAN calls for ending child, early, and forced marriage (ASEAN) 8 March 2019

• Child, early and forced marriage legislation in 37 asia pacific countries (Inter-Parliamentary Union)

• The rippling economic impacts of child marriage (World Bank) 27 June 2017

• UN Human Rights Council adopts sixth resolution child, early, and forced marriage (Girls Not Brides)

• 9 August 2023 

• Global Estimates of Modern Slavery Forced Labour and Forced Marriage (International Labour Organization) September 2022

• Forced Marriages (UK Government’s Forced Marriage Unit)

• Forced Marriage (BBC) 2014

• Increasing protections and changing attitudes towards forced marriage (Australian Human Rights Institute) 2023

• Child and forced marriage - manifestation of gender discrimination (UNHCR) 11 July 2024

• Economic Empowerment of Women (UN Women)

• Breaking the cycle of poverty for women and their communities (UNDP) 21 March 2024

• Advancing Women’s Financial Inclusion and Economic Empowerment for Sustainable Development (African Union) 7 March 2024

• ASEAN reaffirms commitment to address women’s unpaid and domestic work during launch of new UN-ASEAN report (ESCAP) 14 October 2021

• Boosting Strategy 2030 (Asian Development Bank) 2018

• Nearly 2.4 billion women globally don’t have same economic rights as men (World Bank) 1 March 2022

• Women and the Law (Council on Foreign Relations) October 2018

• Global cost of failing to invest in women and gender equality is $10tn a year (The Guardian) 16 September 2024

• She’s the boss: The ‘she-conomy’ boom continues with new business growth (CNN) 15 March 2024

• The US gender pay gap: Why it hasn’t narrowed much in 20 years (CNN) 1 March 2023

• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (UN Women) 

• Poverty Trap: Definition, Causes, and Proposed Solutions (Investopedia) 25 September 2023 

• Gender wage gap (OECD)

• Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (United Nations)

• UN Women and the African Development Bank Group strengthen their collaboration to advance women’s economic empowerment (African Development Bank) 27 May 2024

• Digital Progress and Trends Report (World Bank) 2023

• Widening digital gap between developed, developing states threatening to exclude world’s poorest from next industrial revolution (United Nations) 6 October 2023

• With almost half of world’s population still offline, digital divide risks becoming ‘new face of inequality’, Deputy Secretary-General warns General Assembly (United Nations) 27 April 2021

• The impact of digital technologies (United Nations) 2024

• Fixing the global digital divide and digital access gap (Brookings) June 2022

• Closing the digital divide; Rich countries are doing better (World Bank) 16 November 2022

• Digital technologies can help bridge the digital divide in Africa (World Bank) 24 September 2021

• The digital era for all (World Bank) March 2024

• Accelerated by COVID and AI, global digital landscape remains uneven (World Bank) 5 March 2024

• Bridging the global digital divide (Brookings) May 2021

• Digital transformation accelerates, but gaps underscore need for new framework to advance use (United Nations) 2024

• Bridging digital, technological divide key for enabling sustainable development, Secretary-General says (United Nations) 2022

• Bridging the digital divide by putting the focus on people (World Economic Forum) December 2024

• Entering the Intelligent Age without a digital divide (World Economic Forum) September 2024

• Digital divide in education (OECD) 2024

• From Connectivity to Services: Digital Transformation in Africa (World Bank) June 2023

• Closing the digital divide as we enter the Intelligent Age (World Economic Forum) January 2025

• Global action against illicit financial flows (UNDP) 22 October 2018

• United Nations Development Program (UNDP) 2015 

• Definition of transnational organized crime (United Nations) 12 November 2024

• Trade policy and agreements towards fair worldwide trade (European Union) 5 November 2024 

• EU Customs Union (European Union) 5 November 2024 

• Initiative to combat illicit trafficking in cultural properties (Council of Europe) 2 March 2016 

• WTO’s contributions to the 17 SDGs (WTO) 5 October 2023 

• The difficulties of stopping illicit financial flows (The Economist) 2 February 2019

• Control over the illegal economy and economic-based threats (Ministry of Foreign Affair sites) 2014

• UNDP’s tools to measure transparency in infrastructure projects (UNDP) 2019

• UN Transparency Portal highlighting funding transparency initiatives (United Nations) 2024

• Integrity Pacts included in the G20 Compendium of good practices (European Commission) 10 July 2019

• G20 Guidelines on quality infrastructure for regional connectivity (G20) 2021

• Anti-corruption and integrity efforts to promote transparency (OECD) 2024

• Best practices in collective action for business integrity (Transparency International) 2019

• Integrity Pacts fostering good governance in public procurement (Transparency International) 17 December 2024

• Business Integrity Toolkit for medium-sized enterprises (Transparency International) 2023

• Strengthening CSO capacity to promote transparency in Malawi (Partnership for Transparency) 20 September 2024

• Korea’s Clean Construction Expertise Enhancing Transparency in Türkiye (UNDP) 30 September 2024

• Universal DPI Safeguards Framework for Inclusive Digital Infrastructure (UNDP) 2024

• Trade infrastructure financing exploring private sector participation in Africa (AfriPoli) 2024

• Building transparent accountable and inclusive institutions UNGASS report (UN DESA) 2 June 2021

• Seoul Declaration on public-private partnerships for infrastructure development (UNESCAP) 2007

• AI for sustainable development (UNDP) 9 May 2024

• Collaboration effort on bridging digital divide (UNIDO) 19 December 2024

• Tool to assess the impact of AI systems (Council of Europe) 2 December 2024

• Risk and benefits of AI on societies (OSCE) 6 October 2023

• AI shaping changes in workforce (OECD) 11 December 2024

• Future of Work: Inclusive Labour Markets (World Economic Forum) 2025

• Demystifying Artificial Intelligence (Council on Foreign Relations) 12 November 2024

• Artificial Intelligence and Robots: Implication for Employment and Productivity (Asia Regional Integration Center) 2-4 October 2024

• Britain’s advantage in the AI race (The Economist) 14 January 2025

• AI presents solutions to promote human rights (United Nations Human Rights) 17 December 2024

• An overview of climate change in relation to global, national, and local security (UNEP) 

• The Food and Agriculture Organization's work relating to resilience (FAO) July 2024

• The EU's plans for more connected and resilient rural areas across the region (EU) 2025

• "Master Plan on Rural Development 2022 to 2026" (ASEAN) 5 November 2022

• Ethiopia case study of stronger rural connectivity to resilience (World Bank) 29 March 2024

• Building Economic Resilience and Advancing Economic Statecraft (Council on Foreign Relations) 9 December 2024

• "From Comprehensive Security to Regional Resilience": analysis of security resilience throughout ASEAN (ERIA) 24 July 2017

• Case Study: “Climate Resilience Takes Root in Burkina Faso" (Global Center on Adaptation) 18 November 2024

• Article detailing the value of sustainable development of varying industries in rural areas in Angola  (Al Jazeera) 7 December 2024

• In-depth research report upon the importance of rural networking (MDPI) 9 July 2024

• Resilience building in fragile environments: FAO’s approach (FAO) 5 April 2023

• 5 Steps from food security to famine (WFP) 18 March 2024

• Africa Mobilizes Common Position for the upcoming UN Food Systems Summit (UNFSS) 15 July 2021

• Agriculture and Food Security Division: Ten-year strategy and action plan (AU) 13 January 2025

• Reform in Comoros: Opening up the rice market to increase food security and catalyze private sector growth (World Bank) 9 January 2025

• AU must take the lead on the DRC conflict (ISS Africa) 17 April 2023

• Geoeconomic Fragmentation Threatens Food Security and Clean Energy Transition (IMF) 3 October 2023

• Ethiopia–Sudan border: How cross-border conflict is shaping trade and the control of land (Chatham House) 4 April 2024

• Questions on the ICRC’s work in Israel and the occupied territories (ICRC) 10 January 2025

• Expert workshop on biosecurity risks, environmental accountability in Ukraine, financing food insecurity and more (SIPRI) 18 January 2023

• Data Protection and Digital Agency for Refugees (World Refugee Council) May 2019 

• Lack of resources undermines EU data protection enforcement (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights) June 2024

• Current Challenges for International Refugee Law, With a Focus on EU Policies and EU Co-operation With the UNHCR (European Parliament) 2013

• Migration and data protection: Doing no harm in an age of mass displacement, mass surveillance and “big data” (International Review of the Red Cross) April 2017

• The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Its 1967 Protocol (UNHCR) September 2011

• EU ‘seeking to turn migrant database into mass surveillance tool’ (The Guardian) 8 September 2021

• Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council (EUR-Lex) 23 October 2018   

• Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (European Parliament) 18 December 2000 

• Data Protection Notice (EUAA) September 2024

• EU Position In World Trade (European Commission) 2022 

• EU Trade Policy (European Parliament) October 2019

• EU Digital Policy and International Trade (CRS) 25 March 2021 

• Trade and Investment Report 2022 (DETE) 19 March 2024 

• U.S.-EU Trade Relations (CRS) 6 May 2022 

• The EU’s new trade strategy: Gearing up for competition over values (FIIA) May 2021

• Perspectives on the soft power of EU trade policy: A new eBook (CEPR) 31 July 2019 

• Global Policy Coherence for Global Age (WTO) 3 April 2017

• European Union-China trade relations: Economic institutions in the theory of international relations (IGES) 12 March 2021

• Relations with the European Union (NATO) 3 December 2024

• NATO’s Approach to Counter Information Threats (NATO) 19 December 2024

• Building Integrity in Operations: ACO Handbook (NATO) February 2020

• NATO’s role in contemporary global security dynamics: beyond adaptability and resilience (ESD) 30 January 2024

• A stronger EU on security and defence (EEAS) 19 November 2018

• Growing internal differences dim NATO's future (Global Times) 11 July 2023

• EU: Bloc’s decision to not ban public mass surveillance in AI Act sets a devastating global precedent (Amnesty International) 9 December 2023

• Cybersecurity in the United Nations system organizations (UNJIU) March 2021

• Spotlight on the Shadow War: Inside Russia’s Attacks on NATO Territory (CSCE) 12 December 2024

• Russia warns it will ‘deter’ NATO as it creeps closer to its borders (Al Jazeera) 11 July 2024

• Report on the adverse effect of the surveillance industry on freedom of expression (OHCHR) 28 May 2019